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  • The Ape Cave makes a sharp bend in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. The Ape Cave is 13,042 feet long (3,975 meters), making it the third-longest lava tube in North America. It formed during an eruption of Mount St. Helens approximately 2,000 years ago. An 8-mile-long (13-kilometer-long) lava flow poured down the southern flank of the volcano. Lava cools from the outside-in, so the flow became like a straw, allowing lava to continue to flow through a hardened crust.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Bend_5094.jpg
  • The ceiling of the Ape Cave, a lava tube in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state, somewhat mimics the shape of the passage below. The Ape Cave is 13,042 feet long (3,975 meters), making it the third-longest lava tube in North America. It formed during an eruption of Mount St. Helens approximately 2,000 years ago. An 8-mile-long (13-kilometer-long) lava flow poured down the southern flank of the volcano. Lava cools from the outside-in, so the flow became like a straw, allowing lava to continue to flow through a hardened crust.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Ceiling_5110.jpg
  • A lava rock known as the "meatball" hangs over the floor of the Ape Cave in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. The Ape Cave is a lava tube, formed during an eruption of Mount St. Helens 2,000 years ago. Lava cools from the outside-in, so the flow became like a straw, allowing lava to continue to flow through a hardened crust. The meatball once hung from the ceiling of the cave, but broke off while lava was still flowing through the tube. It traveled with the flow until it became wedged in a narrow passage.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Meatball_5116.jpg
  • Several lava rocks hang over the floor of the Ape Cave in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. The Ape Cave is a lava tube, formed during an eruption of Mount St. Helens 2,000 years ago. Lava cools from the outside-in, so the flow became like a straw, allowing lava to continue to flow through a hardened crust. The rocks once hung from the ceiling of the cave, but broke off while lava was still flowing through the tube. They traveled with the flow until they became wedged in a narrow passage.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Lava-Rocks_5114.jpg
  • The Ape Cave gently curves in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. The Ape Cave is 13,042 feet long (3,975 meters), making it the third-longest lava tube in North America. It formed during an eruption of Mount St. Helens approximately 2,000 years ago. An 8-mile-long (13-kilometer-long) lava flow poured down the southern flank of the volcano. Lava cools from the outside-in, so the flow became like a straw, allowing lava to continue to flow through a hardened crust.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Passage_5087.jpg
  • The ceiling of the Ape Cave, a lava tube in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state, somewhat mimics the shape of the passage below. The Ape Cave is 13,042 feet long (3,975 meters), making it the third-longest lava tube in North America. It formed during an eruption of Mount St. Helens approximately 2,000 years ago. An 8-mile-long (13-kilometer-long) lava flow poured down the southern flank of the volcano. Lava cools from the outside-in, so the flow became like a straw, allowing lava to continue to flow through a hardened crust.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Ceiling_5111.jpg
  • A narrow passage of the Ape Cave gently curves in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. The Ape Cave is 13,042 feet long (3,975 meters), making it the third-longest lava tube in North America. It formed during an eruption of Mount St. Helens approximately 2,000 years ago. An 8-mile-long (13-kilometer-long) lava flow poured down the southern flank of the volcano. Lava cools from the outside-in, so the flow became like a straw, allowing lava to continue to flow through a hardened crust.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Narrow-Curve_5091.jpg
  • Water that drips into the Ape Cave collects into a stream as it flows through North America’s third-largest lava tube, located in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. The Ape Cave formed during an eruption of Mount St. Helens approximately 2,000 years ago. An 8-mile-long (13-kilometer-long) lava flow poured down the southern flank of the volcano. Lava cools from the outside-in, so the flow became like a straw, allowing lava to continue to flow through a hardened crust. The cave is 13,042 feet long (3,975 meters) and the rock is porous, allowing rainwater to seep in.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Stream_5105.jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,457-foot (3,187-meter) volcano, in the Cascade Range in California, is lit by the first light of day in this aerial view over Lassen Volcanic National Park. Lassen Peak, also known as Mount Lassen, is an active volcano that last erupted in 1917. The area, however, is still volcanically active with hot springs, geysers and boiling mud pots. Lassen Peak itself stands near Mount Tehama, which was a stratovolcano that was once at least 1,000 feet taller than Lassen Peak is now. Mount Tehama is now known as Brokeoff Mountain, and is visible to the left of Lassen Peak in this image.
    Lassen-Peak_Aerial_Sunrise_2407.jpg
  • Water that drips into the Ape Cave collects into a stream as it flows through North America’s third-largest lava tube, located in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument in Washington state. The Ape Cave formed during an eruption of Mount St. Helens approximately 2,000 years ago. An 8-mile-long (13-kilometer-long) lava flow poured down the southern flank of the volcano. Lava cools from the outside-in, so the flow became like a straw, allowing lava to continue to flow through a hardened crust. The cave is 13,042 feet long (3,975 meters) and the rock is porous, allowing rainwater to seep in.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Stream_5104.jpg
  • Two hardened tubes are visible in the Ape Cave, a lava tube located near Mount St. Helens in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Washington state. The ape cave formed about 2,000 years ago during the only known period when fluid basaltic lava erupted from the volcano. The outside edges of the lava flow cooled first, providing a crust that allowed fluid lava to continue flowing inside. This period of activity may have lasted a year during which the lava level rose and fell, leading to the unique shapes inside the cave. The Ape Cave lava tube is 13,042 feet (3976 meters) long, ranking as the third-longest in North America. The cave is named for a local hiking club, the St. Helens Apes.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Two-Tubes_5130.jpg
  • Volcanic rocks from one of Mount Rainier's eruptions line the sides of the Carbon River the northwestern corner of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington.
    RainierNP_Volcanic-Rocks_Carbon-Rive...jpg
  • Late afternoon storm clouds develop over lichen-covered volcanic rocks and hills near Hveragerði in southern Iceland.
    Iceland_Developing-Clouds_Volcanic-R...jpg
  • Steam rises from the water-filled Inferno Crater, located in the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley near Rotorua, New Zealand. The terrace is part of a hydrothermal system in 1886 by the volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera. Waimangu means 'black water' in Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand. The area was given that name because its largest geyser erupted water that was filled with mud and rocks.
    NZ_Waimangu_InfernoCrater_8972.jpg
  • Steam rises from Inferno Crater, located in the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley on the North Island of New Zealand. The hot spring and other geothermal features resulted from the volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera on June 10, 1886. The area was named for the Waimangu geyser, which was active from 1901 to 1904.
    NZ_Waimangu_InfernoCrater_8980.jpg
  • Hot Stream flows past the steaming hillside of the Cathedral Rocks in the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley near Rotorua, New Zealand. Waimangu is a hydrothermal system created by the 1886 volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera. Waimangu means 'black water' in Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand, a name given to the area because water in its largest geyser often contains mud and rocks.
    NZ_Waimangu_CathedralRocks_HotStream...jpg
  • Water boils out of a small spring on the Birds Nest Terrace in the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley near Rotorua, New Zealand. The terrace is part of a hydrothermal system in 1886 by the volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera. Waimangu means 'black water' in Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand. The area was given that name because its largest geyser erupted water that was filled with mud and rocks.
    NZ_Waimangu_BirdsNestTerrace_9002.jpg
  • Colorful algal and bacterial mats grow along a steaming creek that runs through the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley on the North Island of New Zealand. The valley's geothermal features resulted from the volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera on June 10, 1886. The area was named for the Waimangu geyser, which was active from 1901 to 1904.
    NZ_Waimangu_BacterialMats_9008.jpg
  • A side channel of the Carbon River flows over volcanic rocks displaying a variety of colors in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington.
    RainierNP_Carbon-River_3192.jpg
  • A pond forms in one of the explosion pits that is part of the Inyo Craters near Mammoth Lakes, California. The pits are part of an especially active volcanic area that stretches from Mono Lake to Mammoth Mountain. The activity that produced the Inyo Craters dates from 500 to 5,000 years ago, with some of the pits being 200 feet (60 meters) deep.
    CA_Inyo-Craters_Pond_0893.jpg
  • A long exposure shows the action of a boiling mudpot at Sulphur Works in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Water from melting snow seeps into the ground above this mudpot, soaks through the soil and works down through cracks and fissures in the rock. Eventually, it touches hot rock and gasses in what used to be the main vent of Brokeoff Volcano, becomes superheated and returns to the surface as hot water or steam.
    Lassen_SulphurWorks_BoilingMudpot_37...jpg
  • A boiling mudpot erupts at Sulphur Works in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Water from melting snow seeps into the ground above this mudpot, soaks through the soil and works down through cracks and fissures in the rock. Eventually, it touches hot rock and gasses in what used to be the main vent of Brokeoff Volcano, becomes superheated and returns to the surface as hot water or steam.
    Lassen_SulphurWorks_BoilingMudpot_58...jpg
  • Two hikers stand near the summit of a steaming volcanic cone at Landmannalaugar, located in the highlands of Iceland. Landmannalaugar, part of the Fjallabak Nature Reserve, sits at the edge of the Laugahraun lava field, which was formed in an eruption around the year 1477.
    Iceland_Landmannalaugar_Hikers_Steam...jpg
  • Steam rises from a volcanic cone at Landmannalaugar, located in the highlands of Iceland. Landmannalaugar, part of the Fjallabak Nature Reserve, sits at the edge of the Laugahraun lava field, which was formed in an eruption around the year 1477.
    Iceland_Landmannalaugar_SteamingCone...jpg
  • Paulina Creek drops 80 feet (24 meters) at Paulina Falls, located in the Newberry National Volcanic Monument in Deschutes County, Oregon. Paulina Falls is located on the west flank of the Newberry Volcano, a potentially active volcano that last erupted nearly 1,500 years ago. The waterfall flows over and erodes remnants of previous eruptions; over a period of 2,000 years, geologists believe the waterfall has moved 200 feet (61 meters) upstream due to erosion.
    OR_PaulinaFalls_Newberry_9870.jpg
  • Orange crustose lichen grows on the volcanic rock near Lake Mývatn in northern Iceland. Lichens are a symbiosis of a fungus and a green alga and/or cyanobacterium; and crustose is the most common type of lichen in Iceland; accounting for about 400 of the 700 identified species. Crustose are very slow growing; typically growing 1 millimeter or less per year.
    Iceland_Lichen_Myvatn_4007.jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,462 foot (3,189 meter) volcano, is reflected in the Paradise Meadow in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Lassen Peak is the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range and last erupted between 1914 and 1917. Numerous common monkeyflowers (Mimulus guttatus) are in bloom in the meadow.
    LassenPeak_ParadiseMeadow_4131.jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,462 foot (3,189 meter) volcano, is reflected in the Paradise Meadow in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Lassen Peak is the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range and last erupted between 1914 and 1917. Numerous common monkeyflowers (Mimulus guttatus) are in bloom in the meadow.
    LassenPeak_ParadiseMeadow_4124.jpg
  • Kings Creek repeatedly curves through an open meadow as the winter snow melts in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California.
    Lassen_KingsCreek_Curves_3651.jpg
  • A variety of trees line the banks of Summit Lake in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Summit Lake is located at an elevation of 7,000 feet (2,066 meters) near the highest stretch of road in the Cascade mountain range.
    Lassen_SummitLake_Trees_4058.jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,462 foot (3,189 meter) volcano, is reflected in the Paradise Meadow in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Lassen Peak is the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range and last erupted between 1914 and 1917. Numerous common monkeyflowers (Mimulus guttatus) are in bloom in the meadow.
    LassenPeak_ParadiseMeadow_4095.jpg
  • Green moss grows on all but the bottom portion of these trees near Summit Lake in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. The moss line, which begins about 10-15 feet from the base of the trees illustrates the depth of the winter snow here.
    Lassen_MossLineOnTrees_4036.jpg
  • Rain falls down the cone of the extinct Icelandic volcano Thrihnukagigur, draining into its former magma chamber. Thrihnukagigur last erupted more than 4,000 years ago and its name means Three Peaks Crater.
    Iceland_Volcanic-Cone_Thrihnukagigur...jpg
  • A colorful hillside shows the volcanic activity near Bumpass Hell in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. The colors are the result of sulfuric acid diluted by rain and snowmelt. This weakened acid causes the volcanic rock to decompose at varying rates.
    Lassen_ColorfulHillside_4063.jpg
  • Mount Baker, a 10,781 foot (3,286 meter) volcano located in Whatcom County, Washington state, takes on a pastel appearance through morning fog near Artist Point in the North Cascades. Mount Baker, which is part of the Cascade Range of mountains, has the second-most thermally active crater in the range, second only to Mount St. Helens. Baker's volcanic cone is relatively young, possibly less than 100,000 years old, even though the area where it sits has been volcanically active for 1.5 million years.
    Baker_PastelFog_ArtistPoint_0691.jpg
  • The setting sun reddens the southwestern face of Mount Baker, a 10,781 foot (3,286 meter) volcano located in Whatcom County, Washington state. Mount Baker, which is part of the Cascade Range of mountains, has the second-most thermally active crater in the range, second only to Mount St. Helens. Baker's volcanic cone is relatively young, possibly less than 100,000 years old, even though the area where it sits has been volcanically active for 1.5 million years.
    Baker_Sunset_FromFirIsland_6449.jpg
  • Irregular columnar jointing, called entablature, is visible on an exposed hillside near Artist Point in the North Cascades of Washington state. These types of rock columns are formed when volcanic rocks cool, contract and crack.
    North-Cascades_Columnar-Jointing_Art...jpg
  • Red rock lines a large volcanic crater, one of many in an area known as Diamond Craters in southeastern Oregon. The area contains dozens of basaltic lava flows, cinder cones, and maars ranging in age from 6,000 to 60,000 years old.
    OR_DiamondCraters_3438.jpg
  • A Haleakala silversword plant (Argyroxiphium sandwicense macrocephalum) grows in the volcanic rock near the summit of Mount Haleakal? on the Hawaiian island of Maui. The plant, found only in Haleakala National Park, was once endangered and is still considered threatened. It grows more than a mile above sea level (2,100 to 3,000 m) in tough conditions. The skin and hairs are strong enough to resist the wind and freezing temperature of this altitude and protect the plant from dehydration and the sun.
    maui-haleakala-silversword.jpg
  • The golden light of sunrise shines on pools of water on the volcanic terrace below Strokkur, one of Iceland's most famous geysers.
    Iceland_Strokkur_GoldenPools_2775.jpg
  • A pseudocrater is rendered in silhouette against a volanic cone at sunset in Mývatn in northern Iceland. Mývatn is a lake that was formed approximately 2,300 years ago during a volanic period. The shorter hill is a pseudocrater, also known as a rootless vent. While it resembles a volcanic cinder cone, it formed through a different process. As basaltic lava flowed over soggy lake sediments, it flash heated the moisture into vapor, causing it to blast through the lava. Mývatn means lake with midge flies; the lake is infested with them during the summer months.
    Iceland_Myvatn_Pseudocrater-Silhouet...jpg
  • Irregular columnar jointing, called entablature, is visible on an exposed hillside near Artist Point in the North Cascades of Washington state. These types of rock columns are formed when volcanic rocks cool, contract and crack.
    North-Cascades_Columnar-Jointing_Art...jpg
  • Life returns to the blast zone near Mount St. Helens in Washington state. Trees line a large pond. Large hummocks -- hills of volcanic debris -- are visible behind the pond.
    MountStHelens_Hummocks_Pond_6807.jpg
  • The rising sun clears the eastern caldera rim of Crater Lake, Oregon. Wizard Island, a dormant volcanic cone formed after the cataclysmic eruption of the ancient Mount Mazama, is visible near the center of the image. Crater Lake, protected as a national park, is the deepest freshwater lake in North America.
    CraterLakeSunrise.jpg
  • Brittlebush (Encelia farinosa) grows in a dry valley on the eastern side of Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. The wildflower typically blooms from March until May and is common in the Mojave and Colorado deserts as well as dry interior valleys in California.
    Brittlebush_Lassen_5815.jpg
  • A pseudocrater is rendered in silhouette against a volanic cone at sunset in Mývatn in northern Iceland. Mývatn is a lake that was formed approximately 2,300 years ago during a volanic period. The shorter hill is a pseudocrater, also known as a rootless vent. While it resembles a volcanic cinder cone, it formed through a different process. As basaltic lava flowed over soggy lake sediments, it flash heated the moisture into vapor, causing it to blast through the lava. Mývatn means lake with midge flies; the lake is infested with them during the summer months.
    Iceland_Myvatn_Pseudocrater-Silhouet...jpg
  • The rising sun clears the eastern caldera rim of Crater Lake, Oregon. Wizard Island, a dormant volcanic cone formed after the cataclysmic eruption of the ancient Mount Mazama, is visible in the foreground. Crater Lake, protected as a national park, is the deepest freshwater lake in North America.
    CraterLake_Sunrise_9990.jpg
  • Haleakalā silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum) grows in volcanic cinder on the slope of the dormant Haleakalā volcano on the Hawaiian island of Maui. The rare Haleakalā silversword, which is considered threatened, grows at elevations above 6,900 feet (2,100 meters). The plant can have 40 or more sword-like succulent leaves covered with silver hairs, which are strong enough to resist wind. The plant is also specially adapted to the extreme high-altitude temperatures. The leaves and hairs are arranged in such a way to focus sunlight, raising the plant's temperature by as much as 36 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celcius). In Hawaiian, the plant is referred to as ʻāhinahina, which means "very gray."
    Maui_Haleakala_Silversword_6986.jpg
  • A power plant produces geothermal energy at Krafla, Iceland. The power plant turns heat from below the earth’s crust into 60 megawatts of electricity. The Krafla area is very volcanic. The Krafla volcano erupted nine times between 1975 and 1984 and very high temperatures are found 3 to 5 kilometers (2 to 3 miles) of the earth’s surface.
    Iceland_Krafla_GeothermalEnergy_3294.jpg
  • Thick fog seems to originate from the volcanic cone of Wizard Island, located in Crater Lake, Oregon. Crater Lake, the deepest fresh water lake in North America, is located in a caldera at the top of what was once Mount Mazama. A massive eruption around 5,700 B.C. caused the mountain to collapse. While the Wizard Island cone is long dormant, there is some hydrothermal activity at the bottom of Crater Lake, suggesting the mountain is still active.
    CraterLakeFog.jpg
  • Kings Creek forms a dramatic cascades as it tumbles down a steep hillside in Lassen Volanic National Park, California.
    Lassen_KingsCreek_3659.jpg
  • The Icelandic mountain Thrihnukagigur last erupted more than 4,000 years ago. Shown here is the inside of the volcano's magma chamber, the space inside the mountain which housed molten rock from deep inside the earth. Thrihnukagigur means Three Peaks Crater. The cone leading to one of the peaks is shown near the top center.
    Iceland_MagmaChamber_Thrihnukagigur_...jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,462 foot (3,189 meter) volcano in northern California, is reflected in the partially frozen Lake Helen. Lassen Peak is the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range and last erupted from 1914-1917.
    LassenPeak_LakeHelen_Frozen_4081.jpg
  • The Icelandic mountain Thrihnukagigur last erupted more than 4,000 years ago. Shown here is the inside of the volcano's magma chamber, the space inside the mountain which housed molten rock from deep inside the earth. Thrihnukagigur means Three Peaks Crater.
    Iceland_MagmaChamber_Thrihnukagigur_...jpg
  • Blue-green water flows in channels carved into volcanic rock just outside the Blue Lagoon (Bláa lónið) in Iceland. The warm water is rich in silica, sulfur and other minerals, giving the water its color and milky texture. The water is heated by geothermal process and used to produce electricity before it is used in the Blue Lagoon, a popular outdoor spa.
    Iceland_BlueLagoon_5765.jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,462 foot (3,189 meter) volcano in northern California, is reflected in the calm waters of Summit Lake at sunrise. Lassen Peak is the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range and last erupted from 1914-1917.
    LassenPeak_SummitLake_Sunrise_3525.jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,462 foot (3,189 meter) volcano in northern California, is reflected in Manzanita Lake at Sunset. Lassen Peak is the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range and last erupted from 1914-1917.
    LassenPeak_ManzanitaLake_3472.jpg
  • Corn lilies (Veratrum californicum), otherwise known as California false hellebore, begin to grow in a small snow cave near the melting snowpack on Lassen Peak, California.
    CornLilies_SnowCave_4031.jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,462 foot (3,189 meter) volcano in northern California, is reflected in Summit Lake just before sunrise. Lassen Peak is the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range and last erupted from 1914-1917.
    LassenPeak_SummitLake_Alpenglow_3483.jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,462 foot (3,189 meter) volcano in northern California, is reflected in the calm waters of Summit Lake at sunrise. Lassen Peak is the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range and last erupted from 1914-1917.
    LassenPeak_SummitLake_Sunrise_3520v.jpg
  • Lassen Peak, a 10,462 foot (3,189 meter) volcano in northern California, is reflected in the calm waters of Summit Lake at sunrise. Lassen Peak is the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range and last erupted from 1914-1917.
    LassenPeak_SummitLake_3537.jpg
  • The annular solar eclipse of May 20, 2012 reaches its peak in this view from Lassen Volcanic National Park in California. The Moon's distance from Earth varies, and annular solar eclipses occur when the Moon is relatively far from Earth. The Moon appears smaller in the sky and therefore is not able to block the entire Sun. At the peak of this eclipse, the Moon blocked 95 percent of the Sun.
    Eclipse_Solar_Annular_Lassen_3073.jpg
  • A fumerole shoots steam high into the air at Hverir, an especially active geothermal area in northern Iceland.
    hverir-fumerole-backlit.jpg
  • The rising sun turns golden a lenticular cloud resting on the summit of Mount Muhabura on the border of Rwanda and Uganda. Mount Muhabura is also known as Mount Muhavura and is an inactive volcano, last erupting within the past 11,000 years. With a summit at 4,127 meters (13,540 feet), it's the third-highest peak in the Virunga Mountains. The mountain is spread across Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda, and is home to populations of mountain gorillas.
    Rwanda_Mount-Muhabura_Lenticular-Clo...jpg
  • A long exposure captures plumes rising from eruptions of both Old Faithful (right) and Grand Geyser (left) at dawn in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Yellowstone is home to the world's largest concentration of active geysers, with more than 400 geysers in its Upper Geyser Basin alone.
    Yellowstone_Upper-Geyser-Basin_Old-F...jpg
  • A couple of trees grow between two large splatter cones resulting from the eruption of the north crater in Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho.
    CratersOfTheMoon_Splatter-Cones_Silh...jpg
  • Fresh snow coats the summits of the peaks at Landmannalaugar, located in the highlands of Iceland. Landmannalaugar, part of the Fjallabak Nature Reserve, sits at the edge of the Laugahraun lava field, which was formed in an eruption around the year 1477.
    Iceland_Landmannalaugar_2640.jpg
  • A bright rainbow stretches across the rugged eastern slope of the dormant Haleakalā volcano on the island of Maui, Hawai`i. Haleakalā, the eastern of the two volcanoes on Maui, last erupted sometime between 1480 and 1600 AD. On average, Haleakala National Park receives about 50 inches (1263 millimeters) of rain per year.
    Maui_Haleakala_Rainbow_6967.jpg
  • A very large and bright rainbow seems to land on the summit of Badito Cone, a 8942 foot (2726 meter) peak in Huerfano County, Colorado. Badito Cone is one of several peaks that were formed by jets of magma that erupted from holes or cracks in the rock of that area about 25 million years ago.
    CO_Rainbow_BaditoCone_2282.jpg
  • Three of Washington's dominant volcanoes are visible in this aerial view. Mount Rainier is in the foreground. Mount St. Helens is visible in the saddle of Rainier's peak. Mount Adams is in the upper-left corner. Mount Hood in Oregon, which is also part of the Cascade range, is faintly visible on the horizon between Adams and the summit of Rainier.
    RainierStHelensAdams_Aerial_3558.jpg
  • An approaching fall storm results in a colorful twilight sky above Haleakala National Park on the Hawaiian island of Maui.
    maui-haleakala-twilight-2535.jpg
  • Lichen grows on the walls near the entrance of Beauty Cave, a 300-foot (100-meter) long lava tube in the Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho.
    CratersOfTheMoon_Beauty-Cave_2519.jpg
  • Atlantic Ocean waves crash through an arch on the Dyrhólaey peninsula near Vík, Iceland. Dyrhólaey means "the hill island with the door-hole" and there are several arches in the peninsula, including one that is spectacularly large. The peninsula's basalt cliffs are as much as 120 meters (394 feet) tall.
    Iceland_Dyrholaey_Waves_Arch_2218.jpg
  • The colorful, thermal-powered Champagne Pool formed in an a 700-year-old explosion crater near Rotorua, New Zealand. The blue water is full of gas bubbles containing carbon dioxide. The dramatic orange rim contains arsenic and antimony sulphur compounds, including gold and silver. The water temperature in the pool averages 74 degrees Celcius (164 degrees Fahrenheit). The pool is located within the Wai-O-Tapu Thermal Wonderland, a protected park on New Zealand's north island.
    NZ_ChampagnePool_0188.jpg
  • Mineral-rich water from Konungshver, the King's Hot Spring, leaves colorful deposits as it flows from the geothermal spring in Iceland. Konungshver is located in southern Iceland near Geysir.
    Iceland_Konungshver_Runoff_2005.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_CloseUp_3145.jpg
  • A herd of bison (Bison bison) graze in an open field against a backdrop of steaming geothermal features in the Midway Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
    Yellowstone_Midway-Geyser-Basin_Biso...jpg
  • Two hardened tubes are visible in the Ape Cave, a lava tube located near Mount St. Helens in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Washington state. The ape cave formed about 2,000 years ago during the only known period when fluid basaltic lava erupted from the volcano. The outside edges of the lava flow cooled first, providing a crust that allowed fluid lava to continue flowing inside. This period of activity may have lasted a year during which the lava level rose and fell, leading to the unique shapes inside the cave. The Ape Cave lava tube is 13,042 feet (3976 meters) long, ranking as the third-longest in North America. The cave is named for a local hiking club, the St. Helens Apes.
    WA_Ape-Cave_Two-Tubes_1065.jpg
  • A bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva) grows among the lava rocks that make up a cider cone in the Craters of the Moon National Monument in Idaho.
    CratersOfTheMoon_Lava-Rock_Bitterroo...jpg
  • Mount Baker towers over the turquoise-colored Baker Lake in this aerial view over Whatcom County, Washington. Mount Baker, which is 10,781 feet (3,286 meters) tall, has the second-most thermally active crater of any volcano in the Cascade Range, behind only Mount St. Helens. Baker Lake gets its turquoise color from glacial silt, which gets trapped in its water.
    Baker_BakerLake_Aerial_2349.jpg
  • Mud boils in a pond in the Wai-O-Tapu Thermal Wonderland near Rotorua, New Zealand. Wai-O-Tapu, which means "sacred waters" in Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand, is a geothermal area that is home to numerous hot springs. The geothermal area covers 18 square kilometres (11 miles).
    NZ_WaiOTapu_BoilingMud_9992.jpg
  • Several tall mountains stand over the ancient lava flow Búrfells-hraun in northern Iceland. Geologists believe a large lava lake formed here and then collapsed, releasing a flood of lava. Pieces of the lava crust flowed as much as 10 km (6.2 miles) downstream.
    Iceland_Burfells-hraun_3957.jpg
  • Several tall mountains stand over the ancient lava flow Búrfells-hraun in northern Iceland. Geologists believe a large lava lake formed here and then collapsed, releasing a flood of lava. Pieces of the lava crust flowed as much as 10 km (6.2 miles) downstream.
    Iceland_Burfells-hraun_3941.jpg
  • One of the many steam eruptions of Mount St. Helens in the fall of 2004 sends a towering column of water vapor high into the air. The mountain is reflected in Silver Lake.
    StHelensEruption.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. Eventually the layers were thrust upward and tilted by movement of the Earth's plates. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_WideView_3192.jpg
  • This panorama shows the colorful layers that give the Painted Hills in the John Day National Monument in Oregon their name. The layers represent different ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_Panorama_3098.jpg
  • Suspended sulphur is responsible for the bright green color of the Devil's Bath, an eruption crater lake located in the Wai-O-Tapu Thermal Wonderland near Rotorua, New Zealand.
    NZ_DevilsBath_0284.jpg
  • A wave of cirrus clouds seems to come from the cone of Mount Baker, one of five volcanoes in Washington state. This view of the 10,781-foot mountain was captured from the summit of North Mountain near Darrington..
    MountBaker_CirrusClouds_4317.jpg
  • The sun rises over the Pacific Ocean, lighting up the sky above the crater in Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawaii.
    maui-haleakala-sunburst-2750.jpg
  • An approaching storm results in a fiery sunrise over the Haleakala crater in Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawaii. The approaching clouds are blurred by a 30-second exposure.
    maui-haleakala-fiery_2717.jpg
  • LeaningTreeCratersMoon.jpg
  • The Icelandic geyser Strokkur begins to erupt. Strokkur means "churning." Its water level repeatedly swells and contracts before erupting, which it does every four to eight minutes. The geyser, which first erupted in 1789, reaches a height of as much as 100 feet (30 meters).
    Iceland_Strokkur_Bubble_7714.jpg
  • A shape resembling a volcano is visible on the wall of Subway Cave, a lava tube formed 30,000 years ago in California's Hat Creek Valley. The tube itself was formed when the top portion of the lava flow cooled to a hard crust while allowing hot lava to flow underneath. Eventually, the lava flow stopped, leaving behind the shell. This formation resulted from hot lava dripping from the ceiling of the tube.
    CA_SubwayCave_VolcanoShape_3617.jpg
  • Subway Cave, located in Lassen National Forest, California, was formed 30,000 years ago by a lava flow in the Hat Creek Valley. During the flow, the top cooled and formed a hard crust while allowing hot lava to continue to flow underneath. Eventually, the lava stopped flowing, leaving behind this shell. Subway Cave is about a third of a mile (half a kilometer) in length.
    CA_SubwayCave_3606.jpg
  • The summit of Hekla, one of the most active volcanoes in Iceland, is obscured by storm clouds just before sunset. The volcano, located in south Iceland, has a height of 1,491 meters (4,892 feet), and has erupted at least 20 times since the year 874. Hekla is the Icelandic word for a short hooded cloak, a nod to the fact that the mountain is frequently shrouded by clouds.
    Iceland_Hekla_Storm-Clouds_2689.jpg
  • A gnarled, bleached tree frames one of the many cinder cones in the Craters of the Moon National Monument in Idaho.
    CratersOfTheMoon_Cinder-Cone-Framed_...jpg
  • The Icelandic geyser Strokkur erupts as the sun rises in an area known as the Golden Circle in Iceland. Strokkur, which means "churn" in Icelandic, erupts every four to eight minutes, sending a column of hot water as much as 40 meters (130 feet) into the air. Strokkur is located in the Haukadalur geothermal area, not far from Geysir, which no longer erupts regularly.
    Iceland_Strokkur_Sunrise_3492.jpg
  • Mud boils in the Wairewarewa mudpools in the Te Puia geothermal area near Rotorua, New Zealand.
    NZ_BoilingMudpool_TePuia_0798.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. Eventually the layers were thrust upward and tilted by movement of the Earth's plates. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_Palette_3240.jpg
  • Low-angle sunlight shows the texture of the colorful Painted Hills in the John Day National Monument in Oregon. The layers represent different ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_DeepShadow_3175.jpg
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