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  • A small waterfall flows over sandstone layers in Matthiessen State Park, located in LaSalle County, Illinois. Creeks carved a canyon that's as much as 45 feet (14 meters) deep, exposing sandstone layers.
    IL_Matthiessen_Waterfall_Layers_0789.jpg
  • A small waterfall flows over sandstone layers in Matthiessen State Park, located in LaSalle County, Illinois. Creeks carved a canyon that's as much as 45 feet (14 meters) deep, exposing sandstone layers.
    IL_Matthiessen_Waterfall_Layers_0777.jpg
  • A telephoto lens compresses the view of hardstem bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus) in the Edmonds Marsh in Washington state, displaying the patches of the wetland plant as stacked layers.
    Edmonds-Marsh_Bulrush_Layers_9248.jpg
  • Layers of driftwood peel away in this detail of a log that washed ashore at Marina Beach Park, Edmonds, Washington.
    Driftwood_Layers_Edmonds_0353.jpg
  • In the blue light of dusk, bulrush and marsh grasses seem to form horizontal layers in this view of the Edmonds Marsh in Edmonds, Washington.
    WA_Edmonds-Marsh_Dusk_Layers_0015.jpg
  • The sandstone that forms the upper walls of the Valley of Fire Narrows was deposited in colorful layers. The Narrows are located along the White Dome trail in the Nevada state park.
    Valley-Of-Fire_Sandstone-Layers_9335.jpg
  • Repeated force from Pacific Ocean waves reveals distinct layers of sandstone that make up the cliffs of Cape Kiwanda on the central Oregon coast.
    OR_CapeKiwanda_Layers_0297.jpg
  • Sediment layers are visible in the badland hills of bluish bentonite clay in an area known as the Blue Mesa in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona.
    AZ_Petrified-Forest_Blue-Mesa_Detail...jpg
  • Several layers of Pacific Ocean waves are backlit by the setting sun near Manzanita, Oregon.
    OR_Manzanita_WaveLayers_6404.jpg
  • Sedimentary layers are visible in this section of the Calico Hills in the Red Rock Canyon Conservation Area in Nevada. The Calico Hills are made up of Aztec Sandstone, fossilized sand dunes that were laid down during the early Jurrasic Period 180-190 million years ago.
    NV_Red-Rock-Canyon_Sedimentary-Layer...jpg
  • This panorama shows the colorful layers that give the Painted Hills in the John Day National Monument in Oregon their name. The layers represent different ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_Panorama_3098.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. Eventually the layers were thrust upward and tilted by movement of the Earth's plates. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_WideView_3192.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. Eventually the layers were thrust upward and tilted by movement of the Earth's plates. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_Palette_3240.jpg
  • Brandywine Falls drops 65 feet (20 meters) into a lush gorge in Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio. Brandywine Falls drops overs over three different types of rock: Berea sandstone at the top, Bedford shale in the middle and Cleveland shale at the bottom. The newest rock is about 320 million years old; the oldest is about 400 million. The layers were exposed and the waterfall was formed about 10,000 years ago when the last glaciers retreated from the area. The top Berea sandstone layer is the hardest and protects the softer layers below from the erosive force of the falling water.
    OH_Cuyahoga-Valley-NP_Brandywine-Fal...jpg
  • Several layers of Berea sandstone are visible near the top of Brandywine Falls, a 60-foot (18-meter) waterfall located in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio. Brandywine Falls drops overs over three different types of rock: Berea sandstone at the top, Bedford shale in the middle and Cleveland shale at the bottom. The newest rock is about 320 million years old; the oldest is about 400 million. The layers were exposed and the waterfall was formed about 10,000 years ago when the last glaciers retreated from the area.
    OH_Cuyahoga-Valley-NP_Brandywine-Fal...jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_CloseUp_3145.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_CloseUp_3185.jpg
  • Low-angle sunlight shows the texture of the colorful Painted Hills in the John Day National Monument in Oregon. The layers represent different ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_DeepShadow_3175.jpg
  • Colorful layers of siltstone, mudstone and shale are visible in the badlands near the Blue Mesa in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. The layers contain iron and manganese, which provide the pigments for the brilliant and varied colors.
    AZ_Petrified-Forest_Badlands_Painted...jpg
  • Sediment layers are visible in the badland hills of bluish bentonite clay in an area known as the Blue Mesa in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona.
    AZ_Petrified-Forest_Blue-Mesa_6618.jpg
  • The layers that make up the eroding walls of the Grand Canyon are visible from the Desert View vantage point on the south rim of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona.
    GrandCanyon_DesertView_8607.jpg
  • The summit of Mount Baker, a 10,778 foot (3,285 meter) volcano in Whatcom County, Washington, is visible between layers of fog and clouds. Mount Baker is the third highest peak in Washington state.
    Baker_Sunset_CloudsAndFog_6525.jpg
  • The standstone in a wash in the Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada shows colorful streaked patterns. This wash is comprised of several different layers of sandstone, which have been exposed through erosion.
    vof-color-wash.jpg
  • Thick fog helps to emphasize the layers of evergreen trees that grow at the edge of the Squamish River Valley near Brackendale, British Columbia, Canada.
    ForestInFog_SquamishValley_2521.jpg
  • A layered sandstone wall appears to have been twisted and folded by many thousands of years of geological forces in Harris Wash in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah.
    Grand-Staircase-Escalante_Harris-Was...jpg
  • With just a narrow crack in the ceiling of Upper Antelope Canyon near Page, Arizona, little sunlight reaches the floor by mid-afternoon. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone, leaving undulating, layered walls that appear violet or purple in the very faint indirect afternoon light. The Navajo people call Antelope Canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks." The light in the canyon was so dim at the time that this image was captured that it required a more than one-minute exposure to reveal the detail of the canyon walls.
    Antelope-Canyon_Texture_S2571-05.jpg
  • The golden light of sunset lights up high level cirrostratus clouds, high above a bank of lower-level cumulonimbus clouds that are already in the shade in this aerial view taken over King County, Washington.
    Cloud-Layers_Aerial_King-County_7828.jpg
  • Several rows of mountains in the North Cascades are visible in this aerial view from Skagit County, Washington.
    NorthCascades_Aerial_Layers_4863.jpg
  • A very narrow canyon leads through a petrified sand dune, known as the Wave, in the Coyote Buttes Wilderness in northern Arizona.
    WaveNarrowCanyon.jpg
  • A narrow canyon winds through a petrified sand dune located at the Wave, Coyote Buttes Wilderness, northern Arizona.
    WaveCanyonAbove.jpg
  • Several erosion patterns are visible on the steep exposed hillside of Rucker Hill in Everett, Washington, near where Pigeon Creek empties into Puget Sound. At the top of the frame, a blackberry branch swings back and forth like a pendulum, carving a semicircle into the hillside.
    WA_Rucker-Hill_Erosion_7166.jpg
  • Paulina Creek drops 80 feet (24 meters) at Paulina Falls, located in the Newberry National Volcanic Monument in Deschutes County, Oregon. Paulina Falls is located on the west flank of the Newberry Volcano, a potentially active volcano that last erupted nearly 1,500 years ago. The waterfall flows over and erodes remnants of previous eruptions; over a period of 2,000 years, geologists believe the waterfall has moved 200 feet (61 meters) upstream due to erosion.
    OR_PaulinaFalls_Newberry_9870.jpg
  • A strip of Mount Hornaday is visible between snow clouds and trees coated in fresh snow in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Mount Hornaday is a 10,003-foot (3,049-meter) mountain that is part of the Absaroka Range.
    Yellowstone_Mount-Hornaday_Snow-Stor...jpg
  • A vibrant shaft of light shines on the floor of a particularly narrow section of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo tribal land in Page, Arizona. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks." The slot canyon is formed primarily by erosion during flash floods; torrents of water race through the canyon and sculpt the sandstone.
    Antelope-Canyon_Beam_S2574-02.jpg
  • The Three Graces reach high into the sky in the Garden of the Gods in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Three Graces are just one of many dramatic sandstone features of the park. According to geologists, the sedimentary rock was tilted by the forces that built nearby Pikes Peak and other mountains.
    CO_GardenGods_ThreeGraces_1255.jpg
  • Erosion debris from petrified logs and the bentonite clay hills collects at the base of the badlands of the Blue Mesa in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona.
    AZ_Petrified-Forest_Blue-Mesa_Erosio...jpg
  • A vibrant shaft of light shines on the floor of a particularly narrow section of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo tribal land in Page, Arizona. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks." The slot canyon is formed primarily by erosion during flash floods; torrents of water race through the canyon and sculpt the sandstone.
    Antelope-Canyon-Beam_S02-01-04.jpg
  • Centuries of erosion has carved a narrow canyon through a streaked, petrified sand dune in the Coyote Buttes Wilderness in Northern Arizona.
    WaveNarrowsVertical.jpg
  • Dark storm clouds hover over The Wave, petrified sand dunes that were carved by centuries of erosion from wind and heavy rain. The Wave is located in the Coyote Buttes Wilderness area of Arizona.
    Wave-DarkSky.jpg
  • The Ringold Formation, a series of bluffs overlooking the Columbia River near Pasco, Wasington, preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period and is part of the Hanford Reach National Monument.
    Hanford-Reach_Ringold_6668.jpg
  • A narrow canyon runs through the ancient, petrified sand dune, known as The Wave in the Coyote Buttes Wilderness of Northern Arizona.
    WaveNarrowsHorizontal.jpg
  • Wilson Mountain, the tallest of the red and white sandstone peaks near Sedona, Arizona, is framed by other formations. Wilson Mountain has an elevation of 7,122 feet (2171 meters), and its summit provides some of the grandest views in northern Arizona.
    AZ_WilsonMountain_Sedona_8968.jpg
  • The Middle Fork of the Kings River runs through a deep gorge, called the Tehipite Valley, in Kings Canyon National Park, California. The deep gorge, located in the southern Sierra Nevada, is more than 4,000 feet (1250 meters) deep in places and was carved by glaciers. In this view, it runs between Kettle Ridge and the White Divide (on left) and the Monarch Divide and Windy Peak.
    CA_KingsCanyon_TehipiteValley_Blue_8...jpg
  • Low clouds drop fresh snow onto evergreen trees at the base of Mount Hornaday in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Mount Hornaday, with an elevation of 10,003 feet (3,049 meters), is part of the Absaroka Range of mountains.
    Yellowstone_Mount-Hornaday_Snowing_5...jpg
  • The late afternoon sun causes Bright Angel Canyon to fall into a deep shadow. Bright Angel Canyon is one of several tributary canyons that feed into the Grand Canyon. This image was captured from the Mather Point, located on the south rim of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona.
    BrightAngelCanyon.jpg
  • The south rim of the Grand Canyon casts its shadow into the canyon in the late afternoon in this view from near Pipe Creek Vista, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona.
    Grand-Canyon_South-Rim-Shadow_Pipe-C...jpg
  • Several layers of leaves frame the trunk of an old maple tree in Hamlin Park, Shoreline, Washington.
    Tree-Maple_Leaves_Hamlin-Park_2810.jpg
  • A passage bends through a very narrow section of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo Nation land near Page, Arizona. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Narrow-Passage_6255.jpg
  • The walls of an open area of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo Nation land near Page, Arizona, take on different colors based on how much direct sunlight they receive. Sections near the slot canyon ceiling appear yellow and gold, while portions in deep shadow are purple. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Colorful-Chamber_709...jpg
  • The walls of an open area of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo Nation land near Page, Arizona, take on different colors based on how much direct sunlight they receive. Sections near the slot canyon ceiling appear yellow and gold, while portions in deep shadow are purple. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Textured-Walls_6218c.jpg
  • A heart shape appears among the curves of the ceiling of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo land near Page, Arizona. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone slot canyon, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Heart_7109.jpg
  • Bright streaks fall down the curved walls of Upper Antelope Canyon in the Navajo Nation, Arizona. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Streaks_6235.jpg
  • The walls of an open area of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo Nation land near Page, Arizona, take on different colors based on how much direct sunlight they receive. Sections near the slot canyon ceiling appear yellow and gold, while portions in deep shadow are purple. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Colorful-Chamber_622...jpg
  • The walls of a particularly narrow passage of Upper Antelope Canyon in Page, Arizona, take on different colors based on how much direct sunlight they receive. Sections near the slot canyon ceiling appear yellow and gold, while portions in deep shadow are purple. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon-Beam_S2574-01.jpg
  • The walls of a particularly narrow passage of Upper Antelope Canyon in Page, Arizona, take on different colors based on how much direct sunlight they receive. Sections near the slot canyon ceiling appear yellow and gold, while portions in deep shadow are purple. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Narrow-Passage_Looki...jpg
  • A heart shape appears among the curves of the ceiling of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo land near Page, Arizona. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone slot canyon, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Heart_7110.jpg
  • The walls of an open area of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo Nation land near Page, Arizona, take on different colors based on how much direct sunlight they receive. Sections near the slot canyon ceiling appear yellow and gold, while portions in deep shadow are purple. Violent flash floods sculpt the sandstone, leaving undulating, layered walls. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Colorful-Chamber_622...jpg
  • A layer of relatively-high altocumulus clouds is turned fiery red by the setting sun, while the lower cumulus clouds are already in the shade in this scene over Puyallup, Washington.
    Sunset_Fiery-Sky_Puyallup_2600.jpg
  • A narrow path winds through the tall undulating walls of Upper Antelope Canyon on Navajo Nation land in northern Arizona. Antelope Canyon is a slot canyon, a small sandstone canyon that is carved by violent flash floods. The Navajo people call the canyon Tsé bighánílíní dóó Hazdistazí, which means "the place where water runs through rocks."
    Antelope-Canyon_Narrow-Passage_6243.jpg
  • The sand dunes of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado, are the tallest in North America Some of the sand originated from the San Juan Mountains, more than 65 miles west of the national park. Strong winds blow the sand, which piles up at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.
    GreatSandDunes_Layers_2224.jpg
  • Mudcracks in a variety of shapes and sizes are visible in the sediment at the base of Harris Wash in Utah. Mudcracks, also known as desiccation cracks, result when the top layer of sediment dries before lower layers. When the water in the top layer evaporates, the thin layer separates from the layers below. The loss of moisture also causes the layer to shrink somewhat, causing a strain that results in the cracks.
    UT_Mudcracks_HarrisWash_4276.jpg
  • Mudcracks in a variety of shapes and sizes are visible in the sediment at the base of Harris Wash in Utah. Mudcracks, also known as desiccation cracks, result when the top layer of sediment dries before lower layers. When the water in the top layer evaporates, the thin layer separates from the layers below. The loss of moisture also causes the layer to shrink somewhat, causing a strain that results in the cracks.
    UT_Mudcracks_HarrisWash_4278.jpg
  • Mudcracks in a variety of shapes and sizes are visible in the sediment at the base of Harris Wash in Utah. Mudcracks, also known as desiccation cracks, result when the top layer of sediment dries before lower layers. When the water in the top layer evaporates, the thin layer separates from the layers below. The loss of moisture also causes the layer to shrink somewhat, causing a strain that results in the cracks.
    UT_Mudcracks_HarrisWash_4282.jpg
  • Mudcracks in a variety of shapes and sizes are visible in the sediment at the base of Harris Wash in Utah. Mudcracks, also known as desiccation cracks, result when the top layer of sediment dries before lower layers. When the water in the top layer evaporates, the thin layer separates from the layers below. The loss of moisture also causes the layer to shrink somewhat, causing a strain that results in the cracks.
    UT_Mudcracks_HarrisWash_4264.jpg
  • The top layer of sediment peels away at the base of Harris Wash near Escalante, Utah. Mudcracks, also known as desiccation cracks, result when the top layer of sediment dries before lower layers. When the water in the top layer evaporates, the thin layer separates from the layers below. The loss of moisture also causes the layer to shrink somewhat, causing a strain that results in the cracks.
    UT_Mudcracks_HarrisWash_Peeling_4267.jpg
  • Mudcracks in a variety of shapes and sizes are visible in the sediment at the base of Harris Wash in Utah. Mudcracks, also known as desiccation cracks, result when the top layer of sediment dries before lower layers. When the water in the top layer evaporates, the thin layer separates from the layers below. The loss of moisture also causes the layer to shrink somewhat, causing a strain that results in the cracks.
    UT_Mudcracks_HarrisWash_4280.jpg
  • Vibrant fall color is visible from behind South Silver Falls, Oregon. The hillsides in the area of Silver Falls State Park were formed by a series of lava flows, which erode at different rates. Several of the middle layers are weaker than the top and bottom layers and have since eroded away, forming this cave behind the waterfall.
    SilverFallsBehindAutumn.jpg
  • Balanced Rock (left), a prominent feature of Arches National Park near Moab, Utah, is turned red by the golden light of sunrise. The balanced rock is a cap rock that is 55 feet (17 meters) tall and makes up nearly half the overall height of the formation. The formation is made up of several layers of sandstone, which erode at different rates; the layer between the cap rock and the pedestal erodes at a much faster rate than the others.
    ArchesNP_BalancedRock_F02_2576-08.jpg
  • Balanced Rock, a prominent feature of Arches National Park near Moab, Utah, is turned red by the golden light of sunrise. The balanced rock is a cap rock that is 55 feet (17 meters) tall and makes up nearly half the overall height of the formation. The formation is made up of several layers of sandstone, which erode at different rates; the layer between the cap rock and the pedestal erodes at a much faster rate than the others.
    ArchesNP_BalancedRock_F02_2576-06.jpg
  • Two layers of clouds — a low layer of stratocumulous clouds and high, whispy cirrus clouds — cover Potomac, Maryland, in this aerial view from approximately 10,000 feet.
    Aerial_Sunset-Clouds_Potomac_2201.jpg
  • Several branches of a poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) converge, covering the ground in Snohomish County, Washington.
    Leaves_Green_Converging_Lynnwood_578...jpg
  • Moss, ferns, and trees grow from a large rock outcropping near the Minister Valley in Allegheny National Forest in Warren, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny Front was once part of a vast delta and layers of a hard, sandstone congolomerate were deposited. Between 250 and 320 million years ago, the Allegheny Front was lifted, forming hills and mountains. Over time, erosion exposed, split, or dislodged and moved the former sedimentary rock, resulting in large rock outcroppings.
    PA_Allegheny_Outcropping_Roots_8652.jpg
  • Two layers of clouds — one high and turned golden by the rising sun, the other low and in the shade — meet in the sky at sunrise over Edmonds, Washington.
    Clouds-Converging_Sunrise_Edmonds_13...jpg
  • A hoary marmot (Marmota caligata) feeds on lupine in a meadow that also contains pink mountain-heather near Paradise in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Marmots develop thick layers of fat during the summer so that they can hibernate for eight to nine months.
    Marmot-Hoary_Wildflowers_RainierNP_3...jpg
  • Rock outcroppings provide a vantage point to take in a sweeping view of the Minister Valley in the Allegheny National Forest in Warren County, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny Front was once part of a vast delta and layers of a hard, sandstone congolomerate were deposited. Between 250 and 320 million years ago, the Allegheny Front was lifted, forming hills and mountains. Over time, erosion exposed, split, or dislodged and moved the former sedimentary rock, resulting in large rock outcroppings.
    PA_Allegheny_MinisterValley_Overlook...jpg
  • Several evergreen wood ferns (Dryopteris intermedia) grow on a mossy rock outcropping near the Minister Valley in the Allegheny National Forest in Warren County, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny Front was once part of a vast delta and layers of a hard, sandstone congolomerate were deposited. Between 250 and 320 million years ago, the Allegheny Front was lifted, forming hills and mountains. Over time, erosion exposed, split, or dislodged and moved the former sedimentary rock, resulting in large rock outcroppings.
    PA_Allegheny_Minister_Fern_Rock_8643.jpg
  • Several evergreen wood ferns (Dryopteris intermedia) grow on a mossy rock outcropping near the Minister Valley in the Allegheny National Forest in Warren County, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny Front was once part of a vast delta and layers of a hard, sandstone congolomerate were deposited. Between 250 and 320 million years ago, the Allegheny Front was lifted, forming hills and mountains. Over time, erosion exposed, split, or dislodged and moved the former sedimentary rock, resulting in large rock outcroppings.
    PA_Allegheny_Minister_Fern_Rock_8642.jpg
  • The nearly full moon is visible between layers of storm clouds over Mount Baker, an active volcano in the North Cascades of Washington state. Mount Baker, 10,781 feet (3,286 meters) tall, last erupted in 1880. In this image, its summit is obscured by a cap cloud, a type of cloud that forms when moist air is forced up and over a mountaintop. This scene was captured from an area of the North Cascades known as Artist Point.
    Baker_StormySunrise_Moon_0565.jpg
  • The full moon shines between layers of storm clouds that are developing over Mount Adams, a volcano in Washington state. Mount Adams, at 12,280 feet (3,743 meters), is the second-tallest mountain in Washington and is still considered potentially active even though it last erupted in 550 BC.
    Adams_StormyMoonrise_3022.jpg
  • These tall, narrow pillars known as The Pinnacles were formed during the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama, which formed Crater Lake, Oregon. Volcanic gasses rose through layers of dacite pumice and andesite scoria in vents known as fumaroles. With temperatures of 750 degrees Fahrenheit (400 Celsius), the hot gasses welded the sides of the fumaroles. After erosion carried away the rest of the pumice and scoria, these hardened fossil fumaroles were all that remained.
    CraterLake_Pinnacles_9858.jpg
  • Several seabirds fly over the Atlantic Ocean as the last light of day illuminates Snæfellsjökull, a glacier-covered stratovolcano in western Iceland. Located on the Snæfellsnes peninsula, Snæfellsjökull is 1,446 meters (4,744 feet) tall. Stratovolcanoes, also known as composite volcanoes, are typically cone-shaped and made up of many layers from many volcanic eruptions. Snæfellsjökull is approximately 700,000 years old and is estimated to have last erupted in 200 A.D. Snæfellsjökull is an Icelandic word meaning "snowy mountain glacier."
    Iceland_Snaefellsjokull_Birds_3325.jpg
  • The sun rises between layers of clouds, reflecting on the water of Lake Burera in northern Rwanda. Of the lakes located entirely within Rwanda's borders, Lake Burera is the second largest, covering 55 km2 (20 square miles); including lakes shared with neighboring countries, it's the fifth largest. Lake Burera is also known as Lake Bulera. Cyuza Island is visible just left of center; Munanira Island is in the background, just right of center.
    Rwanda_Lake-Burera_Sunrise_8847.jpg
  • Two layers of water vapor — cirrus clouds and the streaks of a fog bank — frame the flank of Sauk Mountain in Washington state. The mountain is located near the town of Concrete in Skagit County, just west of the crest of the North Cascade Range.
    WA_Sauk-Mountain_Cirrus_Fog-Streaks_...jpg
  • A hoary marmot (Marmota caligata) feeds on lupine in a meadow that also contains pink mountain-heather near Paradise in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Marmots develop thick layers of fat during the summer so that they can hibernate for eight to nine months.
    Marmot-Hoary_Wildflowers_RainierNP_3...jpg
  • Two layers of clouds, high cirrus and mid-level altocumulus, fill the sky over Puget Sound and the Olympic Mountains in this view from Edmonds, Washington.
    Olympics_Puget-Sound_Cloud-Streaks_8...jpg
  • Mount Rainier, the highest point in Washington state and the tallest volcano in the Cascade Range, pokes out from between layers of clouds in this aerial view.
    Rainier_Aerial_Low-Clouds_5195.jpg
  • Moss, ferns, and trees grow from a large rock outcropping near the Minister Valley in Allegheny National Forest in Warren, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny Front was once part of a vast delta and layers of a hard, sandstone congolomerate were deposited. Between 250 and 320 million years ago, the Allegheny Front was lifted, forming hills and mountains. Over time, erosion exposed, split, or dislodged and moved the former sedimentary rock, resulting in large rock outcroppings.
    PA_Allegheny_Outcropping_Roots_8656.jpg
  • The sun shines between a tree and a large rock outcropping in the Minister Valley area of the Allegheny National Forest in Warren County, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny Front was once part of a vast delta and layers of a hard, sandstone congolomerate were deposited. Between 250 and 320 million years ago, the Allegheny Front was lifted, forming hills and mountains. Over time, erosion exposed, split, or dislodged and moved the former sedimentary rock, resulting in large rock outcroppings.
    PA_Allegheny_Minister_Outcropping_86...jpg
  • A large rock is balanced on a sandstone pillar in the Hartnet Draw of Capitol Reef National Park, Utah. Balanced rocks form when a layer of more durable rock sits atop a layer that is less resistant to erosion.
    CapitolReefBalancedRock.jpg
  • A red oak leaf, displaying its fall color, floats on a thin layer of ice covering a pond in Snohomish County, Washington.
    Leaf_Oak_FrozenPond_Lynnwood_9634.jpg
  • A layer of icy snow rests on a decaying log from a downed alder tree in Snohomish County, Washington.
    Alder_Decay_Snow_0063.jpg
  • A layer of altocumulus clouds are partially visible through the fog that covers the Beaver Marsh in Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio.
    OH_Cuyahoga-Valley-NP_Beaver-Marsh_4...jpg
  • Brandywine Creek streaks over a layer of Berea sandstone just before it plunges over Brandywine Falls in Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio.
    OH_Cuyahoga-Valley-NP_Brandywine-Cre...jpg
  • Trees, turned golden by the late afternoon sun, reflect on bubbles and grooves in a layer of ice melting on a Snohomish County, Washington, pond.
    IcePatterns_Pond_Lynnwood_9662.jpg
  • Mount Constance, far left, and neighboring peaks in the Olympic Mountains of Washington state are visible between a layer of low clouds and fog. Mount Constance has an elevation of 7,756 feet (2,364 meters). The full moon is beginning to set behind the clouds in this view from Seattle.
    Olympics_MountConstance_Fog_Moon.jpg
  • Dead lodgepole pine trees cast shadows on the snow covering the Lower Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Lodgepole pine trees have a very shallow root system that extends sideways, allowing them to grow in Yellowstone where there is only a thin layer of topsoil that contains few nutrients. These snags, however, are near an active hydrothermal area and they soaked up mineral-laden water.
    Yellowstone_Lodgepole-Pine-Snags_Sno...jpg
  • Dead lodgepole pine trees cast shadows on the snow covering the Lower Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Lodgepole pine trees have a very shallow root system that extends sideways, allowing them to grow in Yellowstone where there is only a thin layer of topsoil that contains few nutrients. These snags, however, are near an active hydrothermal area and they soaked up mineral-laden water.
    Yellowstone_Lodgepole-Pine-Snags_Sno...jpg
  • Dead lodgepole pine trees cast shadows on the snow covering the Lower Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Lodgepole pine trees have a very shallow root system that extends sideways, allowing them to grow in Yellowstone where there is only a thin layer of topsoil that contains few nutrients. These snags, however, are near an active hydrothermal area and they soaked up mineral-laden water.
    Yellowstone_Lodgepole-Pine-Snags_Sno...jpg
  • Dead lodgepole pine trees cast shadows on the snow covering the Lower Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Lodgepole pine trees have a very shallow root system that extends sideways, allowing them to grow in Yellowstone where there is only a thin layer of topsoil that contains few nutrients. These snags, however, are near an active hydrothermal area and they soaked up mineral-laden water.
    Yellowstone_Lodgepole-Pine-Snags_Sno...jpg
  • Dead lodgepole pine trees cast shadows on the snow covering the Lower Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Lodgepole pine trees have a very shallow root system that extends sideways, allowing them to grow in Yellowstone where there is only a thin layer of topsoil that contains few nutrients. These snags, however, are near an active hydrothermal area and they soaked up mineral-laden water.
    Yellowstone_Lodgepole-Pine-Snags_Sno...jpg
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