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  • Dozens of iron concretions are found on a bluff in the Grand staircase Escalante in southern Utah. These iron concretions formed naturally between 6 and 25 million years ago as water dissolved the iron pigment in the red sandstone in the area. The pigment flowed down through the now bleached sandstone and then solidified when it came in contact with oxygenated water, forming a new iron mineral called hematite between the grains of sandstone. Over time, the sandstone eroded away, leaving the more durable iron concretions behind. These largely spherical balls are composed of a hard outer layer of hematite covering a ball of pink sandstone. By volume, the sandstone makes up the majority of these iron concretions, though those found elsewhere in the Colorado Plateau may contain much more hematite. Scientists aren't sure why they form in spheres or if they need something in particular as a nucleus to start growing.
    IronConcretions_HarrisWashUtah_4183.jpg
  • Dozens of iron concretions are trapped in a sandstone pothole in the Grand Staircase Escalante in southern Utah. These iron concretions formed naturally between 6 and 25 million years ago as water dissolved the iron pigment in the red sandstone in the area. The pigment flowed down through the now bleached sandstone and then solidified when it came in contact with oxygenated water, forming a new iron mineral called hematite between the grains of sandstone. Over time, the sandstone eroded away, leaving the more durable iron concretions behind. These largely spherical balls are composed of a hard outer layer of hematite covering a ball of pink sandstone. By volume, the sandstone makes up the majority of these iron concretions, though those found elsewhere in the Colorado Plateau may contain much more hematite. Scientists aren't sure why they form in spheres or if they need something in particular as a nucleus to start growing.
    IronConcretions_Pothole_HarrisWashUt...jpg
  • Dozens of iron concretions are trapped in a small crack in the Grand staircase Escalante in southern Utah. These iron concretions formed naturally between 6 and 25 million years ago as water dissolved the iron pigment in the red sandstone in the area. The pigment flowed down through the now bleached sandstone and then solidified when it came in contact with oxygenated water, forming a new iron mineral called hematite between the grains of sandstone. Over time, the sandstone eroded away, leaving the more durable iron concretions behind. These largely spherical balls are composed of a hard outer layer of hematite covering a ball of pink sandstone. By volume, the sandstone makes up the majority of these iron concretions, though those found elsewhere in the Colorado Plateau may contain much more hematite. Scientists aren't sure why they form in spheres or if they need something in particular as a nucleus to start growing.
    IronConcretions_HarrisWashUtah_4194.jpg
  • Dozens of iron concretions are trapped in cracks in the Grand staircase Escalante in southern Utah. These iron concretions formed naturally between 6 and 25 million years ago as water dissolved the iron pigment in the red sandstone in the area. The pigment flowed down through the now bleached sandstone and then solidified when it came in contact with oxygenated water, forming a new iron mineral called hematite between the grains of sandstone. Over time, the sandstone eroded away, leaving the more durable iron concretions behind. These largely spherical balls are composed of a hard outer layer of hematite covering a ball of pink sandstone. By volume, the sandstone makes up the majority of these iron concretions, though those found elsewhere in the Colorado Plateau may contain much more hematite. Scientists aren't sure why they form in spheres or if they need something in particular as a nucleus to start growing.
    IronConcretions_HarrisWashUtah_4202.jpg
  • Iron concretions are found on a bluff in the Grand staircase Escalante in southern Utah. These iron concretions formed naturally between 6 and 25 million years ago as water dissolved the iron pigment in the red sandstone in the area. The pigment flowed down through the now bleached sandstone and then solidified when it came in contact with oxygenated water, forming a new iron mineral called hematite between the grains of sandstone. Over time, the sandstone eroded away, leaving the more durable iron concretions behind. These largely spherical balls are composed of a hard outer layer of hematite covering a ball of pink sandstone. By volume, the sandstone makes up the majority of these iron concretions, though those found elsewhere in the Colorado Plateau may contain much more hematite. Scientists aren't sure why they form in spheres or if they need something in particular as a nucleus to start growing.
    IronConcretions_HarrisWashUtah_4193.jpg
  • Iron Creek Falls, located in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest near Mount St. Helens, fans out and drops a couple dozen feet into a splash pool.
    IronCreekFalls.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_CloseUp_3145.jpg
  • This panorama shows the colorful layers that give the Painted Hills in the John Day National Monument in Oregon their name. The layers represent different ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_Panorama_3098.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. Eventually the layers were thrust upward and tilted by movement of the Earth's plates. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_WideView_3192.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_CloseUp_3185.jpg
  • The Painted Hills in John Day National Monument, Oregon are comprised of several layers of ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. Eventually the layers were thrust upward and tilted by movement of the Earth's plates. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_Palette_3240.jpg
  • Low-angle sunlight shows the texture of the colorful Painted Hills in the John Day National Monument in Oregon. The layers represent different ash and pumice deposits from the Cascades and area volcanoes. The deposits were laid down approximately 33 million years ago. The red comes from rusty iron minerals; golden layers are rich with oxidized magnesium and iron, metamorphic claystone; the black comes from manganese.
    OR_PaintedHills_DeepShadow_3175.jpg
  • A cross-section of petrified wood displays a wide spectrum of colors in the Rainbow Forest of Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. The petrified wood in the park is made up of almost solid quartz and the colors are the result of impurities in the quartz, such as iron, carbon and manganese. It formed more than 200 million years ago when logs washed into an ancient river system. The logs were quickly buried by sediment, which slowed decay. Over time, minerals, including silica, were absorbed into the porous wood, replacing the original organic material over hundreds of thousands of years.
    AZ_Petrified-Forest_Petrified-Wood_D...jpg
  • A close-up of a a cross-section of petrified wood reveals colors in abstract patterns in the Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. The petrified wood in the park is made up of almost solid quartz and the colors are the result of impurities in the quartz, such as iron, carbon and manganese. It formed more than 200 million years ago when logs washed into an ancient river system. The logs were quickly buried by sediment, which slowed decay. Over time, minerals, including silica, were absorbed into the porous wood, replacing the original organic material over hundreds of thousands of years.
    AZ_Petrified-Forest_Petrified-Wood_A...jpg
  • A row of trees at the edge of Iron Spring Creek are encased in ice in the Black Sand Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. The Black Sand Basin is home to a number of geothermal features. During the winter, steam can rise from them and freeze to nearby trees.
    Yellowstone_Ice-Encased-Trees_Black-...jpg
  • A band of cirrus clouds take on pastel colors at sunset in the sky over Mount Larrabee and the Boulder Peaks in the North Cascades of Washington state. Mount Larrabee, which stands 7,865 feet (2,397 meters) is part of the Skagit Range, which is a sub-range of the North Cascades. It is located less than a mile and a half south of the Canadian border and was originally known as Red Mountain. During the summer months, its red peak, caused by the oxidation of iron in its rock, is distinct.
    North-Cascades_Mount-Larrabee_Pastel...jpg
  • A towering columnar basalt cliff is partially reflected in the waters of Breiðasund in the town of Stykkishólmur, Iceland. Columnar basalt is a volcanic rock formed when basalt lava rapidly cools at or very near the Earth's surface. Basalt, which is naturally grey or black, is rich in iron and can rapidly rust, taking on a reddish-brown appearance.
    Iceland_ColumnarBasalt_Stykkisholmur...jpg
  • A towering columnar basalt cliff is partially reflected in the waters of Breiðasund in the town of Stykkishólmur, Iceland. Columnar basalt is a volcanic rock formed when basalt lava rapidly cools at or very near the Earth's surface. Basalt, which is naturally grey or black, is rich in iron and can rapidly rust, taking on a reddish-brown appearance.
    Iceland_ColumnarBasalt_Stykkisholmur...jpg
  • Colorful layers of siltstone, mudstone and shale are visible in the badlands near the Blue Mesa in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. The layers contain iron and manganese, which provide the pigments for the brilliant and varied colors.
    AZ_Petrified-Forest_Badlands_Painted...jpg
  • The Horne Lake Cave is one of the more dramatic Karst caves on Vancouver Island. The largely white bumps are formed by water saturated with calcium carbonate dripping from one rock and settling on another. The reddish-orange color comes from iron stains. The caves themselves were formed by water that dissolved the rock.
    VancouverIsland_HorneLakeCave_4660.jpg
  • The late afternoon sun dips behind a cloud in this view from Ruffner Mountain, Birmingham, Alabama. The area was once home to iron ore mines and limestone quarries, but was set aside for nature conservation in 1977.
    AL_Ruffner-Mountain_Sunburst_8791.jpg
  • Wispy cirrus clouds fill the sky over Mount Larrabee and the Boulder Peaks in the North Cascades of Washington state. Mount Larrabee, which stands 7,865 feet (2,397 meters) is part of the Skagit Range, which is a sub-range of the North Cascades. It is located less than a mile and a half south of the Canadian border and was originally known as Red Mountain. During the summer months, its red peak, caused by the oxidation of iron in its rock, is distinct.
    North-Cascades_Mount-Larrabee_Wispy_...jpg
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